Changes in the base-level position due to the landscape evolution and Pleistocene glaciations were major additional factors that influenced epigene karst development. Hypogene karst structures have strongly influenced subsequent epigene karstification, which commenced at the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary. Structure-controlled hypogene cave systems are well-preserved and widespread in the area and present a foremost example of endogenous hypogene speleogenesis related to magmatic intrusions. This study in the Antamina area in the east side of the Cordillera Occidental, home to the world largest known skarn copper‑zinc deposit, demonstrates that the current karst system has formed as the result of polygenetic and multi-phase development. speleogenesis) and karst evolution are rarely addressed in environmental impact and risk assessment studies. Aspects of the origin of void/conduit systems (i.e. Knowledge of karst in the Andes is generally limited, although karst is recognized to cause extreme hydrogeologic complexity and great challenges in development of mining facilities located in carbonate settings. Many of the limestone formations are karstified and characterized by high recharge and percolation rates, well-developed subsurface drainage and complex flow patterns. Most of Peru's metal ore deposits are located at high elevations within a narrow, tectonized carbonate-rock belt extending over 2000 km in length. Carbonate rocks of Cretaceous and Jurassic age are widespread in the Peruvian Andes where they host numerous magmatic intrusions and related ore deposits.
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